The Role Of Violence During U.s. Labor - 967 Words

Case Study Assignment: The Role of Violence in U.S. Labor Why do we celebrate Labor Day? There is more to our 3-day weekend holiday celebrated by get-togethers, barbequing, and an extra day off work. We celebrate the social and economic achievements of American workers. This happy ending did not have a happy start when immigrants were coming to America. They were cheap labor and unskilled so they became exploited. There was a rapid expansion in factories and manufacturing capabilities during the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Workers of factories, mines and other hard labor faced harsh working conditions. They also endured long hours, low pay, and health risks. Children and women were even exposed to these harsh conditions, known as sweatshops, and were generally received lower pay than men, with little help from the government to limit injustices. Injuries occurred from machinery, abuse from supervisors/management, verbal abuse, and sickness due to sanitary conditions. Many things such as war, depression, and limited government assistant, attributed to the early events of aggressive hostility between unions and management. â€Å"The United States has had the â€Å"bloodiest and most violent labor history of any industrial nation in the world†Ã¢â‚¬â€so concluded Philip Taft and Philip Ross for their oft-cited study, American Labor Violence: Its Causes, Character, and Outcome (Urbanski, Labor Union Violence in America: A Brief History, para 2). Dating all the back to the lateShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Mexican Immigration, A Form Of Control And Dominance1168 Words   |  5 Pagesa. Symbolic Violence and its connection to â€Å"English† only advocates in schools- When it comes to English as a primary language people argue the â€Å"one language holds a society together and allows communication and trust across communities† (pg. 348). So if there is another language such as Spanish then the English language us no longer the â€Å"powerful† language. 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When he and his friends are running from village to village, the boys find themselves hungry and without foodRead MoreHuman Rights Violations to Afghan Women1492 Words   |  6 Pagesvictims of abuse, despite some success by authorities in prosecuting rape cases, forced marriages and domestic violence. Child marriage, selling and buying women to settle disputes, assault and more than a dozen other acts of violence and abuse against women are a common norm in Afghan society. About 87% of women experience physical, psychological or sexual violence. Incidents of violence against women remain largely under-reported because of cultural restraints, social norms and religious beliefsRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Problem Within The U.s. Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Trafficking Human Trafficking is a problem within the U.S. and Globally. Human trafficking is the trade of humans, most commonly for sexual slavery, forced labor, or commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker or others. 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Concept of Beauty Free Essays

When you hear or read that word, there is something that emerges from our mind. I find myself very much perplexed when I am asked â€Å"Kinas among panhandling as atone classmates? â€Å". I don’t think there is no one that is â€Å"pià ±ata† among all the human beings but rather Omni beautiful when it comes to beauty . We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Beauty or any similar topic only for you Order Now Everyone is beautiful. Everything is beautiful. But how do we call someone or something beautiful? What makes us think that they are really beautiful? How do people perceive beauty? How come we have different perception towards beauty? When we internalize this, we go back again to history to answer these confusing yet very interesting questions. Our concept of beauty is influenced by many things. The society is the very first foundation to where we discover, realize, understand, and come to know things. The society plasters in front of our faces these people with bodies that ripples and shines like the gods; faces with prominent nose, perfectly straight teeth, protruding lips; Hair that is straight, soft and shiny and presents it to everyone as the concept of what is beautiful. Eventually, everyone that has seen that idea has perceived it in his/ her mind of what beauty exactly is. Everyone with the looks that is similar to the model eventually commits the sin vanity while the others who don’t eventually look down on their selves. We must be able to obliterate this mindset. We should keep in mind that beauty is not and never will be tangible. We should put to an end the doings of moments that determines which is the most beautiful woman, in short the beauty pageants. Because as what Vie written above, everyone and everything is beautiful. Every day, we see beauty in many forms and shapes. There is beauty in art. We see beauty in the display of human creativity and passion. There is beauty in nature. Imagine seeing the sunset in a slow-MO; A bee swaying with the wind; The trees that grow long Greene stems and roots through the years. There is palpable beauty that e see in human beings. No, not only those who are in the magazines and televisions are beautiful. For me, those who appreciate the beauty of others and not only herself is beautiful. Those who dream, who delights in helping other people, who never oppress others, and never gives up are beautiful because beauty are the qualities in a person or object that give pleasure to the senses or spirits ND being good in the inside is enough reason for a living being to be called beautiful. How to cite Concept of Beauty, Papers

CASE STUDY The SNOW Mountain Hotel Essay Example For Students

CASE STUDY: The SNOW Mountain Hotel Essay CASE STUDY: The SNOW Mountain Hotel BY b3b3to SNOW Mountain Resort: The Pride of SNOW Village SNOW Village is located in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, 75 miles from Vancouver. While forty years ago SNOW Village was virtually unknown, it is now a worldwide attraction drawing in more than 4 million visitors annually. SNOW Village owes this success to the major development of its ski resort, the SNOW Mountain Resort which was transformed from a low capacity ski destination with minimal amenities into a top-end ski complex with an unrivalled reputation for luxury mountain vacations. Today, SNOW Mountain Resort is seen as the pride of SNOW Village and is home to approximately 8600 permanent residents, 1 1 5 accommodation businesses (including hotels, condos and bed breakfasts), 93 restaurants, lounges and bars, and 207 retail shops. For the past seven years, the SNOW Mountain Resort has been voted the best ski resort by Mountain Sports Living magazine. Whilst its skiing facilities and scenery typically receive top scores, it has also been recognised for the high level of service and value that guests receive. The SNOW Mountain Resort is host to a steady number f visitors over both the winter and summer months. However, levels of demand tend to fluctuate in a dramatic way between the peak and off-peak seasons. The latest figures show that the average number of visitors during such seasons can be anything between 5000 and 1 5000 a day. Coping with these fluctuations effectively is seen as an ongoing challenge for the many businesses operating within the resort. Thus, a key concern for these businesses is to manage fluctuations in demand whilst maintaining a high level of customer service. SNOW Mountain Hotel: Topping the Best Ski Resort Hotels List in North America Nestled at the base of SNOW Mountain, the SNOW Mountain Hotel is part of the SNOW Hotel Group which has over 25 landmark hotels across cities in Canada and the US, as well as a number of larger Resort properties in ski and beach resorts in the US, Bermuda, Barbados and Acapulco. The SNOW Mountain Hotel has 558 guest rooms, 28,000 square feet of meeting space, a health club and spa, and a golf course. Its staffing levels tend to vary in line with the fluctuating number of visitors throughout the year with approximately 250 employees when business is slow and 40 employees during the winter months. Up to now, the SNOW Mountain Hotel has been able to demonstrate great flexibility in confguring its resources to address varying levels of demand and in creating superior value for its customers by swiftly responding to their diverse needs and wants. Last year, the SNOW Mountain Hotel reputation as a destination of choice for ski enthusiasts. SNOW Mountain Hotels HR Strategy: A Passion for Excellence The SNOW Mountain Hotels human resource practices are framed by the overarching HR strategy of its parent organisation, which is driven by a passion for xcellence. This HR strategy is underpinned by a number of guiding principles and values including spontaneous celebration, a commitment to the creation of a culture and environment in which the human spirit will soar, and an intent on promoting the best experience for past, present and potential employees. During a recent conference of its human resource managers, the Group reaffirmed the tremendous value they place on their people and repeatedly stressed that by focusing on employee morale, commitment and retention and teamwork, customer and investor alue would be maximised. This particular orientation led to the identification of a set of key strategic thrusts, including becoming an employer of choice and focusing on management succession. The HR department in SNOW Mountain Hotel In accordance with the key strategic thrusts mentioned above, the HR department in SNOW Mountain Hotel has developed what they refer to as the vision, which is to be recognised as an employer of choice in SNOW Village within the next 2 years. Linked to this goal is a recruitment strategy that emphasises attitude (enshrined in the logan We hire for attitude and train for skill) and an attractive benefits programme. Changes on the Horizon As is the case for each unit within the SNOW Group, the SNOW Mountain Hotel had until recently a dedicated on-site HR team typically consisting of an HR manager and an HR coordinator to deal with paperwork and other HR administrators. In addition, a centralised team in the USA handled payroll and a limited amount of administration relating to recruitment, compensation and benefits. The parent organisation is now deciding whether to centralise its HR activities in a shared service centre. It is hoped that doing so will improve the overall quality of HR admin across the organisation while freeing up more time for in-house staff to focus on strategic work as part of a move towards the implementation of a new business partner model. Differing Views on the Way Forward Line managers would be expected to become more involved in day to day HR matters and take on many of the responsibilities previously carried out by the on-site HR managers. The HR department has expressed concerns about how this will be responsibility for HR work has been rather negative, as can be seen in the following emark: I am wasting so much of my time dealing with staff issues and problems. I am not an HR manager and IVe got bigger priorities than looking at application forms and preparing for interviews. Im already responsible for form-filling for absence and holidays and for other activities like dealing with staff discipline and appraisals. More than 40% of my time is taken up with HR-related work and I have no time to run my own department! This negativity has been reinforced by the general manager of the SNOW Hotel Group, a known traditionalist who has been promoted through the ranks. Scarlet letter and ministers b EssayCoursework Assignment You have been hired as consultant to the HR team in SNOW Mountain Hotel. You are required to write a report to advise the HR team on the way forward by addressing the key HR issues and challenges arising from the new strategic orientation of its parent organisation. Drawing upon and referencing relevant theories and models of HRM, your report should include the following: 1 . An explanation of the business partner model and the advantages and disadvantages of using this model (600 words). 2. A critical appraisal of the use of shared service centres and the removal of on-site HR professionals (600 words). 3. A critical examination of the practicality of devolving HR responsibilities to line managers (600 words). Use the following format when writing your report: Introduction (100 words) Clear statement of purpose Context of report (both theoretical and organisational) Clear statement of proceedings (to provide a brief overview of the following sections) Body (1800 words) Business Partner Model (600 words) Explanation of business partner model Internal and external drivers of the business partner model Value to the business (strategic orientation; integration of hard and soft approaches to HRM; impact on bottom-line performance and productivity) Potential disadvantages of implementing the model The use of centralised shared service centres (600 words) Explanation of shared service centres Internal and external drivers for developing shared service centres Benefits and rawbacks Devolution of HR Responsibilities to the Line Managers (600 words) Meaning and aim of devolution to the line Benefits and drawbacks Practical issues to be addressed to ensure HR and line managers are fully engaged Conclusion (100 words) Summary of key issues raised Final comments reinforcing importance of report and pointing to the way forward List of References (adhering to the Harvard Referencing Style) Appendices (if appropriate) Word Count and Submission Date As per breakdown above, your report should be around 2000 words (10% below or above the limit is acceptable). It accounts for 50% of your final mark. It is due to be submit to the coursework box outside Room 1/53 at Craiglockhart. NB In writing your report, you must demonstrate that you have referred to relevant academic sources and that you are able to apply the theory covered in lectures and tutorials to the case study. You must adhere to the Harvard Referencing Style. You should also refer to the marking criteria to make sure that your report meets the requirements for a pass at this level of study. Introduction to Human Resource Management Case study Assessment Criteria Criteria Weighting Merit: 5% and above Good Pass 55 Acceptable Pass 40 † 54% Poor: Less than 40% Overall presentation style Neat legible presentation. Correct spelling. Accurate grammar and punctuation. Meaning clear and fluid with an articulate academic writing style. Neat legible presentation. Occasional spelling errors. Mainly accurate grammar and punctuation. Coherent meaning and fluent writing style. Neat presentation. Frequent spelling errors. Fairly accurate grammar and punctuation. Meaning mostly clear and adequate writing style. Untidy presentation and difficult to read. Significant spelling and grammatical errors. Meaning unclear in places. Language lacks fluency. Quality of Introduction Clearly states the purpose of the report. Effectively sets the scene in both a theoretical and organisational context. Explains in specific terms how the report will be structured. ood indication of the structure and contents of the report. Although unclear, the purpose of the report can be inferred. Context of the report not altogether clear. Some indication of the contents of the report. Leaves the reader in doubt as to the purpose of the report. Context of the report unclear. No indicat ion of the contents of the report. Evidence of research and wider reading Demonstrates sound knowledge of an extensive range of appropriate and current literature. Demonstrates good knowledge of a reasonable range of appropriate and current Demonstrates a reasonable knowledge of a limited range of appropriate literature. Little and superficial knowledge of appropriate literature. Critical analysis and coherence of argument Critical approach to the literature. Thorough analysis of key issues raised. Arguments highly developed to consider the practical implications of the theories discussed. Attempts to take a critical approach to the literature. Some analysis of the key issues raised. Argument reasonably well developed to indicate generally good understanding of the practical implications of the theories discussed. Approach to literature mainly descriptive. Limited analysis of the key issues raised. Arguments underdeveloped but demonstrates some understanding of the practical implications of theories discussed. Approach to literature relies on description. Inadequate level of analysis of the key issues raised. Arguments are incoherent and fail to consider the practical implications of the theories discussed. Quality of conclusion Identifies significant points from preceding discussion. Draws together main threads of argument. Makes a concluding statement based on these arguments. No new information introduced. Summarises main points effectively. No new information introduced. Adequate summary of main points. No new information introduced. Fails Referencing Literature is accurately integrated into the text. All sources used are correctly acknowledged. Harvard citation method used. Literature is mostly integrated into the text. Most sources are correctly acknowledged. Harvard citation method used. Some iterature is integrated into the text. Most sources are acknowledged, although some errors. Harvard citation method used but inconsistencies. Literature is not integrated into the text of not used. Sources unacknowledged. Harvard method not used/used poorly. Introduction to Human Resource Management HRM08101 CASE STUDY FEEDBACK SHEET Matriculation Number: Marker: Programme: Mark: Merit: 65% and above Good pass: 55 Acceptable: 40 55% Poor: Less than 40% Merit Acceptable Poor Quality of introduction Evidence of research and wider reading Quality of conclusion Comments:

Why Did America Change Its Mind About Prohibition Essay Example For Students

Why Did America Change Its Mind About Prohibition Essay ProhibitionThroughout history, the need and presence of governing forces have always existed. Governments, by the use of legislation, make choices in the best interest of the people. The Nineteenth Century was popular for the great amounts of alcohol that the average person consumed. Such popularity spawned and entire social movement against alcohol. This movement was called the Noble Experiment. Although it failed to directly ban alcohol, the movement contributed by electing many reformers who would change the face of America in the early Twentieth Century. In 1920, the Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution prohibited the use and sale of alcohol in the United States. Although it was created with good intentions, the law provided an opportunity for organized crime families to come into power. The temperance and reform movements of the late Nineteenth Century and early Twentieth Century were partitioned into many small groups. The two most influential groups; however, were the Anti -Saloon League and the Womens Christian Temperance Union. Women at this time were unhappy because men were drinking extremely too much, and women could legally do nothing about it. Since women at this time could not file for divorce, they had no other choice but to try get rid of alcohol altogether (Blocker 10-13). This was not only the first major womens movement in history (Cayton 2139), but also one of the largest nonviolent movements of the modern world (Behr 35-36). Other than World War I, prohibition was the biggest issue in the country. As prohibition approached, people stored their liquor in large quantities in warehouses or banks. Judge John Knox of New York put an end to this by decreeing that any alcohol stored outside of ones home was unlawful and therefore subject to seizure (Blocker 21-24). Few things could have caused such a panic as this did. People rushed to return their liquor home by any means possible. The official date of prohibition was growing near and times w ere tense. Bootleggers found refuge in the Bahamas where they were able to distill large amounts of alcohol and sell it for good prices. Many distillers acquired large stocks immediately before prohibition by doing this (Behr 79-81). We will write a custom essay on Why Did America Change Its Mind About Prohibition specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now January 16, 1920, the night before prohibition became active, did not fulfill the expectation that it would be an outrageous and wild night. It turned out to be rather dull. There were no crowds on the streets of Manhattan; there were no drunken parades down the streets of Broadway. In spite of a few lavish farewell parties, one would think it was just another night of the year. Thomas Carnegie described the event in the New York Times; the spontaneous orgies of drink that were predicted failed in large part to occur on schedule. Instead of passing from us in violent paroxysms, the rum demon lay down to a painless, peaceful, though lamented by some, death.On January 17, 1920, as written in the Eighteenth Amendment, prohibition became apart of the Constitution and America went dry. The Eighteenth Amendment, though written by Wayne Wheeler, was given the nickname of the Volstead Act because Andrew Volstead introduced it to Congress (Coffey 45). The Senate passed the Act on August 1, 19 17; the House of Representatives passed it on December 18 of the same year (Lucas 55-56). Once passed in both houses of Congress, President Wilson vetoed the Amendment. Congress overturned the presidents veto on the same day, but one more obstacle remained. The Supreme Court voted on prohibition soon after. By one vote it was regarded as constitutional (Behr 77-79). Next, it needed to be ratified by thirty-six states. Mississippi leads the states by being the first to ratify in 1918, and Nebraska followed the next year as the thirty-sixth state to ratify (Lucas 55-56). The details of prohibition were explained in the Eighteenth Amendment. Most importantly, the act determined that no one could make, sell, trade, transport, import, export, deliver, or own liquor unless authorized to do so. It also replaced any previous state legislation against alcohol (Behr 77-79). Furthermore, it defined alcohol as anything with an alcohol content of 0.5 or more (Cayton 2139). The act authorized a f ew situations in which someone could have alcohol. One was allowed to have alcohol for medicinal purposes, even though it was frowned upon by most of the medical field at that time. Alcohol was also legal as sacramental wine, industrial alcohol, flavoring extracts, syrups, vinegar, and near beer. The government would allow some breweries to stay in business producing this near beer, which was less that 0.5 percent alcohol. These brewers faced fines and jail time if they abused these privileges. Generally, the Eighteenth Amendment did not work well because it underestimated peoples will to break the law, their ability to produce and sell liquor illegally, and because it was enforced poorly. The Twenty-first Amendment repealed prohibition after only twelve years (Behr 78-80). Prohibition, for many, was a gateway to power. The opportunities to become rich and powerful were abundant (Behr 88). This temptation drove such criminals as Al Capone to power. With the rise of this new, undergr ound class, corruption grew. Politics became an occupation whereas gangsters with the highest bid employed politicians. It seemed that everyone was breaking the law; the consumption and selling of liquor had actually risen since prohibition started. One could buy alcohol simply by walking down a certain street, or buy going to an illegal saloon known as a speakeasy. Alcohol was also easier to acquire now than it was before prohibition. During the 1920s, the act of drinking somewhat changed. People began to drink only hard liquor because it was readily available, it required less to get drunk, and because it was the easiest for distillers to make (Cayton 2140). Since virtually all alcohol was now illegal, distillers no longer needed to abide by alcohol safety standards. This meant that hard liquor was now, more than ever, dangerous. The deaths due to cirrhosis of the liver increased sharply in the 1920s and were perhaps the biggest indications that the consumption of alcohol had rise n (Jones internet). Crime prevailed over prohibition primarily because the law was too difficult to enforce (Coffey 65). In addition to dealing with the new age criminals that it created, Prohibition Agents attempted to regulate any liquor which was brought into the country (Jones internet). Underground crime bosses became greedier and more ruthless (Behr 176-177). Because they had judges, police, and politicians in their pockets, these crime bosses did not need to hide what they were doing (Jones internet). Hijackings of liquor between gangs were common and usually lead to street wars. Police, for the most part, paid little attention to these wars unless public property was destroyed or civilians were injured. Nearly eight hundred gangsters were killed in a single decade (Behr 176-177). The most infamous crime boss of the 1920s, and perhaps of all time, was Alphonse Capone. Capone was born in Italian New York; he grew up around thug types and became apart of a gang at a young age. Following the mysterious retirement of boss Johnny Torrio, Capone became the man in charge of the Torrio gang. His business became crime and death. Although a keen player of public relations, the true Al Capone symbolized everything evil that prohibition could be (Lucas 68). Capone dominated the illegal enterprises of bootlegging and prostitution. His gang, at one time, totaled over two thousand thugs (Jones internet). He was care free when it came to dealing with the police; he neither made serious efforts to conceal his actions, nor was he even aware that a special group of Prohibition Agents had been assigned to gather enough evidence to put him behind bars. In 1931 the efforts of Eliot Ness and the rest of his task force, the untouchables, paid off. Al Capone was convicted on numerous counts of tax evasion and was sent to prison for eight years. In 1939 he was released from prison, but his health had been broken. He died less that eight years later (Lucas 70). .ud7d80afd6f736d65cbef4b0812fbecb9 , .ud7d80afd6f736d65cbef4b0812fbecb9 .postImageUrl , .ud7d80afd6f736d65cbef4b0812fbecb9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud7d80afd6f736d65cbef4b0812fbecb9 , .ud7d80afd6f736d65cbef4b0812fbecb9:hover , .ud7d80afd6f736d65cbef4b0812fbecb9:visited , .ud7d80afd6f736d65cbef4b0812fbecb9:active { border:0!important; } .ud7d80afd6f736d65cbef4b0812fbecb9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud7d80afd6f736d65cbef4b0812fbecb9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud7d80afd6f736d65cbef4b0812fbecb9:active , .ud7d80afd6f736d65cbef4b0812fbecb9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud7d80afd6f736d65cbef4b0812fbecb9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud7d80afd6f736d65cbef4b0812fbecb9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud7d80afd6f736d65cbef4b0812fbecb9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud7d80afd6f736d65cbef4b0812fbecb9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud7d80afd6f736d65cbef4b0812fbecb9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud7d80afd6f736d65cbef4b0812fbecb9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud7d80afd6f736d65cbef4b0812fbecb9 .ud7d80afd6f736d65cbef4b0812fbecb9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud7d80afd6f736d65cbef4b0812fbecb9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: HRIS EssayProhibition was also a burden on the economy. The government was forced to spend millions of dollars convicting and incarcerating prohibition violators (Jones internet). Since alcohol became an illegal market, the government no longer received taxes on liquor that was purchased. The bootlegging industry became on of the richest in the country, worth billions of dollars per year. The economy is the most important part of a Free Enterprise system, and the damage done to the United States economy, due to prohibition, in the 1920s was one of the major reasons for the Twenty-first Amendment. The Twenty-first Amendment repealed prohibition in 1932, only twelve years since its unpopular installation in 1920 (Cayton 2140). In this case, the peoples will to have alcohol was greater that the governments ability to enforce a law against it. Ideally, a society should be governed without being controlled. Works CitedBehr, Edward. Thirteen Years that Changed America. Boston: Arcade Publishers, 1996. Blocker, Jack S. American Temperance Movements: Cycles of Reform. Boston:Twayne Publishers, 1989. Cayton, Mary Kupiec, et. al. The Second Campaign Against Liquor and the Noble Experiment. Encyclopedia of American Social History. New York: Smith Publishers, 1985. Coffey, Thomas M. The Long Thirst: Prohibition in America. New York: Norton, 1975. Johnson, George E. Al Capone. Courtroom Television Network LLC. Sept. 19, 2002. . Jones, Chris. Economic and Social Effects of Prohibition. Nov. 26, 2001. Got Essays? Sept. 19, 2002. . Lucas, Eileen. The Eighteenth and Twenty-first Amendments: Alcohol, Prohibition, and Repeal. Springfield, NJ: Enslow Publishers, 1998.